Microplastics have become a major environmental and public health concern. These tiny plastic particles are now present in our oceans, soil, air, food, and even inside the human body. This article provides a research-based overview of what microplastics are, where they come from, and how they affect both human health and the environment.
What Are Microplastics?
Microplastics are plastic particles smaller than 5 millimetres. They come from two main sources:
Primary Microplastics
These are manufactured small and include:
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Microbeads formerly used in cosmetics
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Industrial abrasives
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Plastic pellets used in manufacturing
Secondary Microplastics
These form when larger plastics break down through sunlight, heat or friction, such as:
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Plastic bottles
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Packaging
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Synthetic clothing fibres
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Tyre particles
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Disposable tableware
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Fishing nets
Secondary microplastics make up the majority of global microplastic pollution.
Where Microplastics Are Found
Microplastics are now widespread in the natural and built environment.
Water Sources
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Oceans
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Rivers and lakes
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Tap water
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Bottled water
A 2018 Orb Media study found microplastics in 94% of global tap water samples.
Food
Microplastics have been detected in:
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Table salt
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Honey
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Rice
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Milk
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Fruits and vegetables
Air
Synthetic fibres from clothing, carpets and upholstery contribute to airborne microplastics, which can be inhaled.
The Human Body
Recent studies have found microplastics in:
Health Impacts of Microplastics
Research is still developing, but current findings show several areas of concern.
Inflammation and Cellular Stress
Microplastics can cause inflammation when inhaled or ingested. A 2021 study found that microplastics can lead to cellular damage.
Chemical Leaching
Microplastics may carry or release chemicals such as:
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BPA
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Phthalates
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Flame retardants
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Heavy metals
These chemicals can interfere with hormonal and immune systems.
Hormonal Disruption
Certain plastic chemicals mimic hormones, potentially affecting fertility, thyroid function and metabolic health.
Microbiome Effects
Early studies show that microplastics may impact gut bacteria and digestive balance.
Bloodstream Transport
A 2022 Dutch study confirmed microplastics in human blood, raising concerns about organ exposure.
Environmental Impact of Microplastics
Marine Life
Microplastics are consumed by fish, birds and sea animals, leading to:
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Internal injury
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Reduced mobility
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Decreased reproduction
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Death
These microplastics then enter the human food chain.
Soil Contamination
Microplastics affect earthworms, soil health and crop growth.
Air Pollution
Urban and indoor air now contains airborne plastic fibres.
Freshwater Ecosystems
Microplastics disrupt freshwater species, affecting behaviour, development and reproduction.
Common Household Sources of Microplastics
Microplastics are often shed from everyday items such as:
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Synthetic clothing
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Tea bags containing plastic
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Plastic cutting boards
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Dish sponges
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Food packaging
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Carpets and rugs
Heating or microwaving plastic significantly increases microplastic release.
How to Reduce Exposure to Microplastics
Evidence-based strategies include:
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Use natural materials such as glass, copper, stainless steel and wood
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Switch from bottled water to filtered tap water
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Reduce synthetic clothing washes
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Avoid microwaving plastics
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Replace plastic cutting boards
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Use natural or compostable tableware
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Improve indoor air filtration
Conclusion
Microplastics are now widespread in the environment and the human body. While complete avoidance is difficult, individuals can significantly reduce exposure by choosing safer materials, avoiding unnecessary plastic, and adopting sustainable habits. Awareness and small changes can protect both personal health and the environment.
Disclaimer
This article is for educational purposes only. Environmental and health research evolves over time. Always refer to updated scientific sources for more detailed information.
Sustainable Living Education Series – Article #1
“The Health & Environmental Impact of Microplastics”